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Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion family Alliaceae. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Rakkyo. Garlic has been used throughout history for both culinary and medicinal purposes.

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The edible herb most commonly associated with the name garlic is the bulb of garlic cloves that is found underground, below the leafy, scallion-like growth. Hardneck and softneck are the two basic varieties of garlic. One key difference is that hardneck garlic sends up a flower stalk, called a scape, which is another edible portion of the garlic plant. The scape is less well known in the U.S., possibly because most garlic grown for commercial use is softneck.

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History. Garlic has a long history of popularity and was used in Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by its discovery in King Tut's tomb. It has been used for culinary and medical purposes throughout history, and also has a reputation as a repellent of irritants from mosquitoes to vampires. Gilroy, California celebrates itself as the "Garlic Capital of the World," and, indeed, about 90% of the garlic grown in the U.S. is grown in California.

Description. A garlic bulb, composed of 4-60 cloves, can be 1 1/2-3 inches in diameter (4-7.5 cm.) and grow to a height of 10 inches to 5 feet (10 cm.-1 1/2 m.). The flowers are white with a rose or green cast. The bulbs themselves are creamy white and may have a purplish hue, as may the paper-like covering that surrounds the bulb and encloses each clove.